Classification schemes for Native American languages
The parent of this article is Native American languages.
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North America
Gallatin (1836)
- (Gallatin's original names are indicated parethetically in italics.)
Families
- Algonquian languages ( = Algonkin-Lenape)
- Athabaskan languages ( = Athapascas)
- Catawban languages ( = Catawbas with Woccons)
- Eskimoan languages ( = Eskimaux)
- Iroquoian languages (Northern) ( = Iroquois)
- Iroquoian languages (Southern) ( = Cherokees)
- Muskogean languages (Eastern) ( = Muskogee)
- Muskogean languages (Western) ( = Chahtas)
- Siouan languages ( = Sioux)
Languages
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11. Makah ( = Straits of Fuca) |
Gallatin (1848)
Families
- Algonquian languages
- Athabaskan languages
- Catawban languages
- Eskimoan languages
- Iroquoian languages (Northern)
- Iroquoian languages (Southern)
- Muskogean languages
- Siouan languages
Languages
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1. Adai |
18. Kutchin |
Powell's (1891) "Fifty-eight"
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1. Adaizan |
21. Keresan |
40. Shoshonean ( = Uto-Azetcan) |
Sapir (1929): Encyclopędia Britannica
Below is Sapir's (1929) famous Encyclopędia Britannica classification. Note that Sapir's classification was controversial at the time and it additionally was an original proposal (unlike encyclopedias in general, including Wikipedia). Sapir was part of a "lumper" movement in Native American language classification. Sapir himself writes of his classification: "A more far-reaching scheme than Powell's [1891 classification], suggestive but not demonstrable in all its features at the present time" (Sapir 1929: 139).
[Note: the question marks in that appear Sapir's list below are present in the original article]
- "Proposed Classification of American Indian Languages North of Mexico (and Certain Languages of Mexico and Central America)"
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I. Eskimo-Aleut II. Algonkin-Wakashan
III. Nadene
IV. Penutian
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V. Hokan-Siouan
VI. Aztec-Tanoan
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Voegelin & Voegelin (1965): The "Consensus" of 1964
Campbell & Mithun (1979): The "Black Book"
Greenberg (1987)
Goddard (1996) & Mithun (1999)
South America
Bibliography
- Boas, Franz. (1911). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 1). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
- Boas, Franz. (1922). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 2). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
- Boas, Franz. (1933). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 3). Native American legal materials collection, title 1227. Glückstadt: J.J. Augustin.
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press.
- Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-1604-8774-9.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Powell, John W. (1891). Seventh annual report, Bureau of American Ethnology (pp. 1-142). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. (Reprinted in P. Holder (Ed.), 1966, Introduction to Handbook of American Indian languages by Franz Boas and Indian linguistic families of America, north of Mexico, by J. W. Powell, Lincoln: University of Nebraska).
- Sapir, Edward. (1929). Central and North American languages. In The encyclopędia britannica: A new survey of universal knowledge (14 ed.) (Vol. 5, pp. 138-141). London: The Encyclopędia Britannica Company, Ltd.
- Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978-present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1-3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).