Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton
Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton, (1884-1972), known as Sir Philip Lloyd-Greame until 1924 and as The Viscount Swinton from 1935 until 1955, was a prominent British Conservative politician from the 1920s until the 1950s.
He was first elected as Member of Parliament for Hendon in the 1918 general election and would hold this seat until his elevation to the House of Lords in 1935. In 1920 he achieved his first ministerial post as Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade, taking charge of the Overseas Trade Department in 1921. In 1922 he was appointed as President of the Board of Trade, an office he would hold with two breaks until 1931. This fast elevation to the Cabinet came about because of the collapse of the Lloyd George Coalition Government and the new Prime Minister Andrew Bonar Law was forced to promote many inexperienced MPs.
In 1923 Law was forced to resign due to failing health and there was discussion as to whether he would be succeeded by Stanley Baldwin or Lord Curzon. As the last survivor of Law's Cabinet, Lloyd-Greame would later assert that it was Cabinet hostility to Curzon that prevented his appointment as Prime Minister.
On November 7 1924 Lloyd-Greame changed his surname to Cunliffe-Lister so as to be able to inherit property from his wife's family.
In 1931 Cunliffe-Lister was one of the Conservatives chosen to negotiate with the Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald as the latter's government collapsed and was replaced by the multi-party National Government. As a sign of his prominence within the party, Cunliffe-Lister was one of just four Conservatives in the emergency Cabinet of 10, serving for the third and final time as President of the Board of Trade.
The National Government won a massive election victory in the 1931 general election but was internally divided on the question of protective tariffs. So as to balance the Cabinet Cunliffe-Lister was replaced at the Board of Trade by the supposed Free Trader Walter Runciman, and instead became Secretary of State for the Colonies, which he would hold until 1935.
When MacDonald retired as Prime Minister and was succeed by Stanley Baldwin a Cabinet reshuffle took place in which Cunliffe-Lister became Secretary of State for Air. At the 1935 general election he did not contest his seat and was instead ennobled as Viscount Swinton, retaining his ministerial office for the next three years into the premiership of Neville Chamberlain.
As Swinton was now in the House of Lords it was difficult for members of the House of Commons to hold the Air Ministry to account, and so Chamberlain appointed the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster Lord Winterton (an Irish peer who sat in the House of Commons) to speak for the Air Ministry in the Commons. This arrangement did not prove successful and in May 1938 there was a disastrous debate on air and it became clear to Chamberlain that the Secretary of State must sit in the House of Commons. Swinton was dismissed, his political career seemingly over.
During the Second World War Swinton's career revived when he was appointed as the first Minister of Civil Aviation, a post he held until the end of the war. When Winston Churchill formed his peacetime government in 1951 he appointed Swinton as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster for a year, then as Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations for three years. When in 1955 Churchill retired, Swinton insisted on retiring too, and he was further enobled as the Earl of Swinton.
| Preceded by: Stanley Baldwin | President of the Board of Trade 1922–1924 | Followed by: Sidney Webb |
| Preceded by: Sidney Webb | President of the Board of Trade 1924–1929 | Followed by: William Graham |
| Preceded by: William Graham | President of the Board of Trade 1931 | Followed by: Walter Runciman |
| Preceded by: James Henry Thomas | Secretary of State for the Colonies 1931–1935 | Followed by: Malcolm MacDonald |
| Preceded by: The Marquess of Londonderry | Secretary of State for Air 1935–1938 | Followed by: Kingsley Wood |
| Preceded by: New Office | Minister of Civil Aviation 1943–1945 | Followed by: Baron Winster |
| Preceded by: A. V. Alexander | Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1951–1952 | Followed by: Lord Woolton |
| Preceded by: The Marquess of Salisbury | Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations 1952–1955 | Followed by: The Earl of Home |
| Preceded by: New Creation | Viscount Swinton | Followed by: David Yarburgh Cunliffe-Lister |
| Preceded by: New Creation | Earl of Swinton |