Representations of Lie groups
In mathematics and theoretical physics, the idea of a representation of a Lie group plays an important role in the study of continuous symmetry. A great deal is known about such representations, a basic tool in their study being the use of the corresponding 'infinitesimal' representations of Lie algebras (indeed in the physics literature the distinction is often elided).
Formally, a representation of a Lie group G on a vector space V (over a field K) is a smooth (i.e. respecting the differential structure) group homomorphism G→Aut(V) from G to the automorphism group of V. If a basis for the vector space V is chosen, the representation can be expressed as a homomorphism into GL(n,K). This is known as a matrix representation. Two representations of G on vector spaces V, W are equivalent if they have the same matrix representations with respect to some choices of bases for V and W.
On the Lie algebra level, there is a corresponding linear mapping from the Lie algebra of G to End(V) preserving the Lie bracket [ , ]. See representation of Lie algebras for the Lie algebra theory.
If the homomorphism is in fact an monomorphism, the representation is said to be faithful.
A unitary representation is defined in the same way, except that G maps to unitary matrices; the Lie algebra will then map to skew-hermitian matrices.
If G is a compact Lie group, every finite-dimensional representation is equivalent to a unitary one.
Classification
If G is a semisimple group, its finite-dimensional representations can be decomposed as direct sums of irreducible representations. The irreducibles are indexed by highest weight; the allowable (dominant) highest weights satisfy a suitable positivity condition. In particular, there exists a set of fundamental weights, indexed by the vertices of the Dynkin diagram of G, such that dominant weights are simply non-negative integer linear combinations of the fundamental weights.
If G is a commutative compact Lie group, then its irreducible representations are simply the continuous characters of G: see Pontryagin duality for this case.
A quotient representation is a quotient module of the group ring.
Formulaic examples
Let 
be a finite field of order q and characteristic p. Let G be a finite group of Lie type, that is, G is the -rational points of a connected reductive group 
defined over . For example, if n is a positive integer 
and 
are finite groups of Lie type. Let 
, where 
is the 
identity matrix. Let
.Then 
is a symplectic group of rank n and is a finite group of Lie type. For 
or (and some other examples), the standard Borel subgroup 
of 
is the subgroup of consisting of the upper triangular elements in . A standard parabolic subgroup of is a subgroup of which contains the standard Borel subgroup . If 
is a standard parabolic subgroup of , then there exists a partition 
of 
(a set of positive integers 
such that 
) such that 
, where 
has the form
,and
,where 
denotes arbitrary entries in .
This section is still in progress. It should be finished soon.Vermi 01:32, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)