Robert I, Duke of Parma
Robert I Duke of Parma, Roberto I Carlo Luigi Maria Duke of Parma and Piacenza (July 9, 1848-November 16, 1907) was the son of Charles III of Parma and his wife Louise du Berry.
He acceded as Duke of Parma and Piacenza in 1854, but was deposed when Parma and Piacenza were annexed to Italy in 1859.
In 1869, he married Princess Maria Pia Delle Grazie of Two Sicilies (1849-1882). She bore him 12 children:
- Maria Luisa (1870-1899). Married Ferdinand I of Bulgaria.
- Ferdinand (March 5, 1871-April 14, 1871).
- Louise (1872-1943).
- Enrico (1873-1939). Head of the Ducal Family of Parma 1907-1939.
- Maria Immacolata (1874-1914)
- Giuseppe (1875-1950). Head of the Ducal Family of Parma 1939-1950.
- Marie Theresa (1876-1959).
- Maria Pia (1877-1915).
- Beatrice (1879-1946). Married Pietro Count Lucchesi Palli.
- Elias (1880-1959). Head of the Ducal Family of Parma 1950-59. Married Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria and had issue.
- Maria Anastasia (August 25, 1881-September 7, 1881)
- Augusto (September 22, 1882, stillborn).
After widowing from his first wife, he remarried in 1884 to Maria Antonia of Portugal, daughter of Miguel I of Portugal. She bore him another 12 children:
- Maria della Neve Adelaide (1885-1959). A nun.
- Sisto "Sixte" (1886-1934). Married Hedwige de La Rochefoucauld and had a daugher, Isabelle.
- Francesco Saverio "Xavier" (1889-1977). Married Madeleine of Bourbon-Busset and had issue. Head of the Ducal Family of Parma 1974-77. Carlist pretender to the throne of Spain.
- Francesca (1890-1978). A nun.
- Zita (1892-1989). Married Emperor Karl of Austria.
- Felix (1893-1970). Married Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg.
- René (1894-1962). Married Princess Margrethe of Denmark and had issue.
- Maria Antonia (1895-1937).
- Isabella (1898-1984).
- Luigi (1899-1967). Married Princess Maria of Savoy and had issue.
- Henriette (1903-1987).
- Gaetano (1905-1958). Married Margarete Princess von Thurn und Taxis. They had a daughter, Diana, and later divorced.