Tom Stoppard
Sir Tom Stoppard OM (born July 3, 1937) is a Czech-born British playwright, famous for plays such as The Real Thing and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, and for the screenplay for Shakespeare in Love.
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Biography
Stoppard was born Tomáš Straussler in Zlín, Czechoslovakia, into a Jewish family. To avoid persecution likely to end in death, the Strausslers fled Czechoslovakia to Singapore with other Jewish doctors on March 15, 1939, the day the Nazis invaded. He received an English education in India, to which his family had fled to avoid the Japanese invasion of Singapore. His father was killed during this exodus, and his mother married a British army major named Kenneth Stoppard, who gave the boy his English surname. The family eventually moved to England in 1946.
Stoppard left school at seventeen and began work as a journalist. By 1960 he had completed his first play A Walk on the Water, which was later produced as Enter a Free Man. From September 1962 until April 1963, Stoppard worked in London as a drama critic for Scene, writing reviews and interviews both under his name and under the pseudonym William Boot (taken from Evelyn Waugh's Scoop).
By 1977, Stoppard had become concerned with human rights issues, in particular with the situation of political dissidents in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. In February 1977, he visited Russia with a member of Amnesty International. In June, Stoppard met Vladimir Bukovsky in London and travelled to Czechoslovakia (then under communist control), where he met Václav Havel, at that time a dissident playwright. Stoppard became involved with Index On Censorship, Amnesty International, and the Committee against Psychiatric Abuse and wrote various newspaper articles and letters about human rights. Stoppard was also instrumental in translating Havel's works into English.
He was appointed CBE in 1978 and knighted in 1997. He has been co-opted into the Outrapo group. He has been married twice, to Jose Ingle (1965–72), a nurse, and to Miriam Moore-Robinson, (1972–92), whom he left to begin a relationship with actress Felicity Kendal. He has two sons from each marriage.
Work for the theatre
Stoppard's plays are plays of ideas that deal with philosophical issues, yet he combines the philosophical ideas he presents with verbal wit and visual humor. His linguistic complexity, with its puns, jokes, innuendo, and other wordplay, is a chief characteristic of his work. Many also feature multiple timelines.
- (1967) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. One of Stoppard's most famous works, a comedic play which casts two minor characters from Hamlet as its leads but with the same lack of power to affect their world or exterior circumstances as they have in Shakespeare's original. Hamlet's role is similarly reversed in terms of his stage time and lines, but it is in his wake that the heroes drift helplessly toward their inevitable demise. Rather than shaping events, they pass the time playing witty word games and pondering the hows, wheres, whys and whos of their predicament. It is similar in many ways to Samuel Beckett's absurdist Waiting for Godot particularly in the main characters' lack of purpose and comprehension of their situation.
- (1968) Enter a Free Man
- (1968) The Real Inspector Hound. Is one of his best-known short plays. In it two theatre critics are watching a ridiculous send up of a Country House Murder Mystery, and become involved in the action by accident, causing a series of events that parallel the play they are watching.
- (1970) After Magritte
- (1972) Jumpers. Explores the field of academic philosophy, likening it to a highly skilful competitive gymnastics display.
- (1974) Travesties. Is a parody of Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest.
- (1976) Dirty Linen and New-Found-Land
- (1977) Every Good Boy Deserves Favour. One of Stoppard's most unusual works. It was written at the request of André Previn and was inspired by a meeting with Russian exile Viktor Fainberg. The play calls for a small cast, but also a full orchestra, which not only provides music throughout the play but also forms an essential part of the action. The play concerns a dissident under an oppressive regime (obviously meant to be taken for a Soviet controlled state) who is imprisoned in a mental hospital, from which he will not be released until he admits that his statements against the government were caused by a (non-existent) mental disorder.
- (1978) Night and Day
- (1979) Dogg's Hamlet and Cahoot's Macbeth. In Dogg's Hamlet we find the actors speaking a language called Dogg, which consists of ordinary English words but with meanings completely different from the ones we assign them. Three schoolchildren are rehearsing a performance of Hamlet in English, which is to them a foreign language. Cahoot's Macbeth is usually performed with Dogg's Hamlet, and shows a performance of Macbeth carried out under the eyes of a secret policeman who suspects the actors of subversion against the state.
- (1979) Undiscovered Country
- (1981) On the Razzle. A comedic farce based on a play by 19th-century Austrian playwright Johann Nestroy, Einen Jux will er sich machen (which is the source for Thorton Wilder's The Matchmaker and the musical Hello, Dolly as well).
- (1982) The Real Thing. Examines the nature of love, and makes extensive use of 'play within a play'.
- (1984) Rough Crossing
- (1986) Dalliance
- (1988) Hapgood. Mixes the themes of espionage and quantum mechanics, especially exploring the idea that in both fields, observing an event changes the nature of the event.
- (1993) Arcadia. Follows the fortunes of a pair of researchers investigating a literary mystery while simultaneously showing what really happened during the incident they are investigating.
- (1995) Indian Ink
- (1997) The Invention of Love. Investigates the life and death of Oxford poet and classicist A. E. Housman, particularly dealing with his homosexuality.
- (2002) The Coast of Utopia
Work for radio, film, and TV
In his early years Stoppard wrote extensively for BBC radio, in many cases introducing a touch of surrealism. Some of his better known radio works include: If You're Glad, I'll Be Frank, Albert's Bridge, The Dog it was that Died, and Artist Descending a Staircase, a story told by means of multiple levels of nested flashback. He returned to the medium for In the Native State (1991), a story set both in colonial India and present-day England, and examines the relationship of the two countries. Stoppard later expanded the work to become the stage play Indian Ink (1995).
In his television play Professional Foul (1977), an English philosophy professor visits Prague, officially to speak at a colloquium, unofficially to watch a football international between England and Czechoslovakia. He meets one of his former students and is persuaded smuggle the student's dissident thesis out of the country.
He has also adapted many of his own plays for film and TV, notably the 1990 production of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead. It is reported that Stoppard assisted George Lucas in polishing up some of the dialogue for Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, though Stoppard received no official or formal credit in this role.
Tom Stoppard has written extensively for film and television. Some of his better known scripts and adaptations include:
- (1975) Three Men in a Boat (adaptation of Jerome K. Jerome's novel for BBC Television)
- (1975) The Boundary (co-authored by Clive Exton, a 30 minute BBC television play written, rehearsed and performed within a week)
- (1977) Professional Foul
- (1985) Brazil (script nominated for an Academy Award)
- (1987) Empire of the Sun
- (1990) The Russia House
- (1998) Shakespeare In Love (co-authored by Marc Norman, script won an Academy Award)
- (2001) Enigma
- (2005) Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (uncredited dialogue polish)
- (2005) His Dark Materials (in production)
Novel
Stoppard has written one novel Lord Malquist and Mr Moon (1966). It is set in contemporary London and its cast includes not only the eighteenth century figure of the dandified Malquist and his ineffectual Boswell, Moon, but also a couple of cowboys with live bullets in their sixshooters, a lion (banned from the Ritz) and a donkey-borne Irishman claiming to be the Risen Christ (from the dust cover).