Unequal Treaties
The "Unequal Treaties" (Chinese: 不平等條約) were a series of treaties signed by the Qing Empire in China and foreign powers (Chinese: 列強) during the 19th and early 20th centuries. China considered these treaties "unequal" because in most cases China saw itself as being forced to pay large amounts of reparations, open up ports, cede lands, and make various concessions to foreign "spheres of influence," usually following military defeats.
List of major "Unequal Treaties"
- Treaty of Nanking (南京條約) (1842)
- Treaty of Aigun (璦琿條約) (1858)
- Treaty of Tientsin (天津條約) (1858)
- Treaty of Shimonoseki (馬關條約) (1895)
- Convention of Peking (北京條約) (1860)
- Second Convention of Peking (1898)
- Treaty of 1901 (辛丑條約) (1901)
- Twenty-One Demands (二十一條)(1915)
- Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking(with Portugal) (中葡北京條約)