W. Mark Felt

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W. Mark Felt (circa 2005)

William Mark Felt, Sr. (born August 17, 1913) is a former agent and top official of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation. During the early investigation of the Watergate scandal (1972-1974), Felt was Associate Director, the second-ranking post in the FBI. In 2005, he was revealed to have been the informant known as Deep Throat, who provided Washington Post reporter Bob Woodward with critical leads on the story that eventually saw the resignation of President Richard M. Nixon in 1974. Felt was convicted in 1980 of violating the civil rights of several associates of members of the Weather Underground by ordering burglaries of their homes. He received a fine but was pardoned by President Ronald Reagan during his appeal. His identity as Woodward and Bernstein's source was a secret for three decades and the source of much speculation in American politics and popular culture.

Contents
1 Early career
2 Early FBI years
3 After Hoover's death
4 Watergate
5 Tried for illegal break-ins
6 Pardoned by Reagan
7 Later years
8 Deep Throat speculation
9 Deep Throat revealed
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links

Early career

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Sen. James P. Pope, who gave Felt his first job in Washington.
Felt was born in Twin Falls, Idaho Twin Falls High School in 1931, he received a BA from the University of Idaho in 1935. He went to Washington, DC to work in the office of U.S. Senator James P. Pope (D-Idaho). He married his wife, Audrey Robinson of Gooding, Idaho, in 1938, who he had known when they were both students at the University of Idaho. She had come to Washington to work at the Bureau of Internal Revenue and they were wed by the chaplain of the United States House of Representatives, the Rev. Sheara Montgomery.David Worth Clark (D-Idaho) George Washington University Law School at night, earning his law degree in 1940 and was admitted to the District of Columbia bar in 1941. Federal Trade Commission but did not like the work. For most of the time he had nothing to do and when he was assigned a case, it was whether a toilet paper brand called "Red Cross" was misleading consumers into thinking it was endorsed by the American Red Cross. Felt wrote in his memoir:

My research, which required days of travel and hundreds of interviews, produced two definite conclusions:
1. Most people did use toilet paper.
2. Most people did not appreciate being asked about it.
That was when I started looking for other employment.1941 and was accepted. His first day at the Bureau was 26 January 1942.

Early FBI years

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J. Edgar Hoover, director of the FBI, photographed in 1961. Hoover appointed Felt the third ranking official in the Bureau in 1971.

FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover liked to move Bureau agents around so they would have wide experience. Hoover, Felt observed, "wanted every agent to get into any Field office at any time. Since he had never been transferred and did not have a family, he had no idea of the financial and personal hardship involved." FBI Academy at Quantico, Virginia, and FBI Headquarters in Washington, Felt was first assigned to Texas, working in the field offices in Houston and San Antonio, spending three months in each. He then returned to the "Seat of Government," as Hoover called FBI headquarters, and was assigned to the Espionage Section of the Domestic Intelligence Division, tracking down spies and saboteurs during World War II. The Espionage Section was abolished in May 1945 after V-E Day. After the war, he was again in the field, sent first to Seattle, Washington. After two years of general work, he spent two years as a firearms instructor and was promoted from agent to supervisor. Upon passage of the Atomic Energy Act and the creation of the Atomic Energy Commission, the Seattle office became responsible for completing background checks of workers at the Hanford plutonium plant near Richland, Washington. Felt oversaw these checks. Salt Lake City field office, poses for an FBI publicity shot on January 20, 1958.

In 1954, Felt returned briefly to Washington as an inspector's aide. Two months later, Felt was sent to New Orleans, Louisiana, as assistant special agent in charge of the field office. When he was transferred to Los Angeles, California, fifteen months later, he held the same rank there. 1956, Felt was transferred to Salt Lake City, Utah, and promoted to special agent in charge. The Salt Lake office included Nevada within its purview, and while there, Felt oversaw some of the Bureau's earliest investigations into organized crime with the Mob's operations in the casinos of Reno and Las Vegas 1958, he went to Kansas City, Missouri, in his memoir dubbed "the Siberia of Field Offices" 1962. As assistant to the Bureau's assistant director in charge of the Training Division, Felt helped oversee the FBI Academy 1964, he became assistant director of the Bureau, as chief inspector of the Bureau and head of the Inspection Division Clyde Tolson, Associate Director of the FBI. Felt became his assistant in 1971.On July 1, 1971, Felt was promoted by Hoover to Deputy Associate Director, assisting Associate Director Clyde A. Tolson William C. Sullivan's domestic spying operations, as Sullivan had been engaged in secret unofficial work for the White House. In his memoir, Felt quoted Hoover as having said, "I need someone who can control Sullivan. I think you know he has been getting out of hand."John P. Mohr L. Patrick Gray, acting director of the FBI from May 1972 to April 1973. He was indicted with Felt for illegal break-ins.Hoover died in his sleep and was found on the morning of May 2, 1972. Tolson was nominally in charge until the next day when Nixon appointed loyalist L. Patrick Gray III as acting FBI director. Tolson submitted his resignation, dictated by Felt, and Gray accepted it, the acceptance also being dictated by Felt. Felt took Tolson's post as Associate Director, the number two job in the bureau Helen Gandy, began destroying his files with the approval of Felt and Gray. She turned over twelve boxes of the "Official/Confidential" file to Felt on May 4, 1972. This consisted of 167 files and 17,750 pages, many of them containing derogatory information. Felt stored them in his office and Gray told the press that afternoon that "there are no dossiers or secret files. There are just general files and I took steps to preserve their integrity." Felt earlier that day had told Gray, "Mr. Gray, the Bureau doesn't have any secret files" and to prove it had taken Gray to Hoover's office. They found Gandy boxing up papers. Felt said Gray "looked casually at an open file drawer and approved her work", though Gray would later deny he looked at any thing. Gandy retained Hoover's "Personal File" and destroyed it. U.S. House about the destruction of Hoover's papers, he said "There's no serious problems if we lose some papers. I don't see anything wrong and I still don't." Stonington, Connecticut, and commuted to Washington. He also visited all of the Bureau's field offices except Honolulu. His frequent absences led to the nickname "Three-Day Gray" November 20, 1972, to January 2, 1973 Watergate Complex in Washington, D.C.. Felt saw all the FBI's files on its investigation of the break-in there in 1972.As associate director, Felt saw everything compiled on Watergate before it went to Gray. The agent in charge, Charles Nuzum, sent his findings to Investigative Division head Robert Gebhardt, who then passed the information on to Felt. From the day of the break-in, June 17, 1972, until the FBI investigation was mostly completed in June 1973, Felt was the key control point for FBI information. He had been among the first to learn of the investigation, being informed at 7 A.M. on the morning of June 17 Bob Woodward first describes Deep Throat in All the President's Men as "a source in the Executive Branch who had access to information at CRP [the Committee to Re-elect the President, Nixon's 1972 campaign organization], as well as at the White House." 2005 wrote that he met Felt at the White House in 1970 when Woodward was an aide to Admiral Thomas Moorer, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, delivering papers to the White House Situation Room. Arthur H. Bremer, who shot George Wallace. When the Watergate story broke, Woodward called on his friend. Felt advised Woodward on 19 June that Howard Hunt was involved as his the telephone number of his White House office was listed in the address book of one of the burglars. Initially, Woodward's source was known at the Post as "My Friend", but was tagged "Deep Throat" after the pornographic movie by Post editor Howard Simons. (When Felt's name was revealed, it was noted that "My Friend" has the name initial letters as "Mark Felt" but Woodward said this was a coincidence.)

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Bob Woodward of The Washington Post.
Woodward claimed that when he wanted to meet Deep Throat he would move a flowerpot with a red flag on the balcony of his apartment and that when Deep Throat wanted a meeting he would circle the page number on page twenty of Woodward's copy of The New York Times and draw clock hands to signal the hour 1993 biography of Woodward and Bernstein, stating Woodward's balcony faced an interior courtyard and was not visible from the street, but Woodward responded that it has been bricked in since he lived there. Havill also claimed that copies of The Times were not delivered marked by apartment, but Woodward and a former neighbor disputed this claim. Bob Haldeman talked about putting pressure on the FBI to slow down the investigation. The FBI had been called in by the District of Columbia police because the burglars had been found with wiretapping equipment and wiretapping is a crime investigated by the FBI. Haldeman told President Nixon on 23 June 1972 "Mark Felt wants to cooperate because he's ambitious." Carl Bernstein of The Washington Post.Nixon was told Felt was leaking information. In a taped conversation on 19 October 1972, Haldeman said he had sources, which he declined to name, confirming Felt was speaking to the press. "You can't say anything about this because it will screw up our source and there's a real concern. Mitchell is the only one who knows about this and he feels strongly that we better not do anything because . . . If we move on him, he'll go out and unload everything. He knows everything that's to be known in the FBI. He has access to absolutely everything." John W. Dean about punishing Felt, but Dean said Felt had committed no crime and could not be prosecuted.

When Gray returned from his sick leave in January 1973, he confronted Felt about being the source for Woodward and Bernstein. Gray said he had defended Felt to Attorney General Richard Kleindienst: "You know, Mark, Dick Kleindienst told me I ought to get rid of you. He says White House staff members are concerned that you are the FBI source of leaks to Woodward and Bernstein," Richard Nixon departing the White House on 9 August 1974, shortly before his resignation took effect. Felt's leaks to Woodward spurred the investigations that led to his resignation.On February 17, 1973, Nixon nominated Gray as Hoover's permanent replacement as director 28 February 1973, Nixon spoke to Dean about Felt acting as an informant, and mentioned that he'd never met him. Gray was forced to resign on 27 April 1973, after it was revealed Gray had destroyed a file on the Kennedy family that had been in the White House safe of E. Howard Hunt William Ruckelshaus. Stanley Kutler reported that Nixon said, "I don't want him. I can't have him. I just talked to Bill Ruckelshaus and Bill is a Mr. Clean and I want a fellow in there that is not part of the old guard and that is not part of that infighting in there." 11 May 1973, Nixon and White House Chief of Staff Alexander M. Haig spoke of Felt leaking material to The New York Times. Nixon said, "he's a bad guy, you see," and that William Sullivan had told him Felt's ambition was to be director of the Bureau. June 22, 1973, ending a thirty-one year career.

Tried for illegal break-ins

In the early 1970s, Felt oversaw a turbulent period in the FBI's history. The FBI was pursuing radicals in the Weather Underground who had planted bombs at the Capitol, the Pentagon, and the State Department. Felt, along with Edward S. Miller, authorized FBI agents to break into homes secretly in 1972 and 1973, without a search warrant, on nine separate occasions. These kinds of FBI burglaries were known as "black bag jobs". The break-ins occurred at five addresses in New York and New Jersey, at the homes of relatives and acquaintances of Weather Underground members, and did not lead to the capture of any fugitives. The use of "black bag jobs" by the FBI was declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court on 19 June 1972 in the Plamondon case, 407 U.S. 297.

After revelation by the Church Committee of the FBI's illegal activities, many agents were investigated. Mark Felt in 1976 publicly stated he had ordered break-ins and that individual agents were merely obeying orders and should not be punished for it. Felt also stated Gray also authorized the break-ins, but Gray denied this. Felt said on the CBS television program Face the Nation he would probably be a "scapegoat" for the the Bureau's work Griffin Bell investigated and on April 10, 1978, a federal grand jury charged Felt, Miller and Gray with conspiracy to violate the constitutional rights of American citizens by searching their homes without warrants, though Gray's case did not go to trial and was dropped by the government on December 11, 1980. Felt told Ronald Kessler:

I was shocked that I was indicted. You would be too, if you did what you thought was in the best interests of the country and someone on technical grounds indicted you. United States Code. The indictment charged Felt and the others:

did unlawfully, willfully, and knowingly combine, conspire, confederate, and agree together and with each other to injure and oppress citizens of the United States who were relatives and acquaintances of the Weatherman fugitives, in the free exercise and enjoyments of certain rights and privileges secured to them by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America.April 20. Seven hundred current and former FBI agents were outside the courthouse applauding the "Washington Three", as Felt referred to himself and his colleagues in his memoir. Richard Nixon, who testified in Felt's defense at his trial for violating Americans' civil rights.Felt and Miller attempted to plea bargain with the government, willing to agree to a misdemeanor guilty plea to conducting searches without warrants — a violation of 18 U.S.C. sec. 2236 — but the government rejected the offer in 1979. After eight postponements, the case against Felt and Miller went to trial in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia on September 18, 1980 October 29, 1980, former President Richard Nixon appeared as a rebuttal witness for the defense, and testified that presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt had authorized the bureau to engage in break-ins while conducting foreign intelligence and counterespionage investigations Herbert Brownell, Jr., Nicholas Katzenbach, Ramsey Clark, John N. Mitchell, and Richard Kleindienst, all of whom said warrantless searches in national security matters were commonplace and not understood to be illegal, but Mitchell and Kleindienst denied they had authorized any of the break-ins at issue in the trial. (The Bureau used a national security justification for the searches because it alleged the Weather Underground was in the employ of CubaNovember 6, 1980. Although the charge carried a maximum sentence of 10 years in prison, Felt was fined $5,000. (Miller was fined $3,500) The New York Times a week after the conviction, Roy Cohn claimed that Felt and Miller were being used as scapegoats by the Carter administration and it was an unfair prosecution. Cohn wrote it was the "final dirty trick" and that there had been no "personal motive" to their actions Ronald Reagan, who pardoned Felt and Miller.

In a phone call on January 30, 1981, Edwin Meese encouraged President Ronald Reagan to issue a pardon, and after further encouragement from law enforcement officials, and former bureau agents, he did so. The pardon was given on March 26, 1981, but was not announced to the public until April 15, 1981. (The delay was partly because Reagan was shot on March 30.) Reagan wrote:

Pursuant to the grant of authority in article II, section 2 of the Constitution of the United States, I have granted full and unconditional pardons to W. Mark Felt and Edward S. Miller.
During their long careers, Mark Felt and Edward Miller served the Federal Bureau of Investigation and our nation with great distinction. To punish them further -- after 3 years of criminal prosecution proceedings -- would not serve the ends of justice.
Their convictions in the U.S. District Court, on appeal at the time I signed the pardons, grew out of their good-faith belief that their actions were necessary to preserve the security interests of our country. The record demonstrates that they acted not with criminal intent, but in the belief that they had grants of authority reaching to the highest levels of government.
America was at war in 1972, and Messrs. Felt and Miller followed procedures they believed essential to keep the Director of the FBI, the Attorney General, and the President of the United States advised of the activities of hostile foreign powers and their collaborators in this country. They have never denied their actions, but, in fact, came forward to acknowledge them publicly in order to relieve their subordinate agents from criminal actions.
Four years ago, thousands of draft evaders and others who violated the Selective Service laws were unconditionally pardoned by my predecessor. America was generous to those who refused to serve their country in the Vietnam war. We can be no less generous to two men who acted on high principle to bring an end to the terrorism that was threatening our nation. Griffin Bell said he did not object to the pardons as the initial convictions showed that behavior such as Felt and Miller's was no longer tolerated.

Despite their pardons, Felt and Miller won permission from the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit to appeal the conviction so as to remove it from their record and to prevent it being used in civil suits by the victims of the break-ins they ordered 1982, which cited Reagan's pardon. In June 1982, Felt and Miller testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee's security and terrorism subcommittee that the restrictions placed on the FBI by Attorney General Edward Levi were threatening the country's safety 2005 wrote that the volume was "largely written by me since his original manuscript read like The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table." Toledano said:

Felt swore to me that he was not Deep Throat, that he had never leaked information to the Woodward-Bernstein team or anyone else. The book was published and bombed.Church Committee and civil libertarians. He also denounced the treatment of Bureau agents as criminals and said the Freedom of Information Act and Privacy Act of 1974 only served to interfere with government work and helped criminals. (The flavor of his criticisms is apparent with the very first words of the book: "The Bill of Rights is not a suicide pact," Justice Robert H. Jackson's comment in his dissent to Terminello v. City of Chicago, 337 U.S. 1 (1949). Santa Rosa, California, from Alexandria, Virginia, his home since the 1970s. In 1992, he bought his present home in Santa Rosa and since then lived with his daughter Joan Felt. He suffered a stroke before 1999, reported Ronald Kessler, and met with Bob Woodward in 1999. Kessler took this as evidence that Felt was "Deep Throat". However, the Santa Rosa Press Democrat said Felt's stroke was in 2001 1984, had two children, Joan (born circa 1944) and Mark. Joan, who had earned two degrees from Stanford University and won a Fulbright Scholarship, in the 1970s joined a commune and, according the Vanity Fair article by John D. O'Connor revealing Felt's secret, gave birth to her son on camera for a documentary, The Birth of Ludi. Joan had three sons, Will (aka Ludi) Felt (born 1974); Robbie Jones (born circa 1979); and Nick Jones (born circa 1981). Nick Jones was a schoolmate of O'Connor's daughter and they met at a party. Joan teaches Spanish at Sonoma State University and Santa Rosa Junior College, and is a long time member of and local contact for Adi_Da. Felt's son Mark Jr. is a pilot for American Airlines and a retired U.S. Air Force lieutenant colonel. 31 May 2005, see Deep Throat (Watergate).

The identity of Deep Throat was debated for over three decades. Jack Limpert had published evidence as early as 1974 that Felt was the informant 1992, James Mann, who had been a reporter at The Washington Post in 1972 and worked with Woodward, wrote a piece for The Atlantic Monthly saying the source had to have been within the F.B.I.. While he mentioned Felt as a possibility, he said he could not be certain it was him. Alexander Butterfield, the White House aide best known for revealing the existence of Nixon's taping system, told The Hartford Courant in 1995, "I think it was a guy named Mark Felt." 1999, Felt was identified as Deep Throat by The Hartford Courant, citing Chase Culeman-Beckman, a nineteen year old from Port Chester, New York . Culeman-Beckman said Jacob Bernstein, the son of Carl Bernstein and Nora Ephron, had told him the name at summer camp in 1988, and that Jacob claimed he had been told by his father. Felt denied the identification to the Courant saying "No, it's not me. I would have done better. I would have been more effective. Deep Throat didn't exactly bring the White House crashing down, did he?" Bernstein said his son didn't know. "Bob and I have been wise enough never to tell our wives, and we've certainly never told our children." June 2, 2005, on the Today Show that his wife had never known.)

Leonard Garment, President Nixon's former law partner who became White House counsel after John W. Dean's resignation, ruled Felt out as Deep Throat in his 2000 book In Search of Deep Throat. Garment wrote:

The Felt theory was a strong one . . . Felt had a personal motive for acting. After the death of J. Edgar Hoover . . . Felt thought he was a leading candidate to suceed Hoover . . . The characteristics were a good fit. The trouble with Felt's candidacy was that Deep Throat in All the President's Men simply did not sound to me like a career FBI man.2002, The San Francisco Chronicle profiled Felt. Noting his denial in The FBI Pyramid, the paper wrote

Curiously, his son -- American Airlines pilot Mark Felt -- now says that shouldn't be read as a definitive denial, and that he plans to answer the question once-and-for-all in a second memoir. The excerpt of the working draft obtained by The Chronicle has Felt still denying he's Throat but providing a rationale for why Throat did the right thing.February 2005, reports surfaced that Woodward had prepared Deep Throat's obituary, because he was near death. This led to some speculation that Deep Throat might be William Rehnquist, who was a Justice Department official early in the Nixon administration, but was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court by the time of the incident.

Deep Throat revealed

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Mark Felt in 2005 after his identity as "Deep Throat" was revealed.
Vanity Fair magazine revealed Felt was Deep Throat on 31 May 2005 when it published an article (eventually appearing in the July issue of the magazine) on its website by John D. O'Connor, an attorney acting on Felt's behalf, in which Felt said, "I'm the guy they used to call Deep Throat." After the Vanity Fair story broke, Ben Bradlee, the key editor of the Washington Post during Watergate, confirmed that Felt was Deep Throat. According to the Vanity Fair article, Felt was persuaded to come out by his family, who wanted to capitalize on the book deals and other lucrative opportunities that Felt would inevitably be offered in order, at least in part, to pay off his grandchildren's education. They also did not want Bob Woodward to get all the attention by revealing Deep Throat's identity after Felt's death. Adi da cult, and contributes a substantial portion of her income to that organization, which under Adidam's tithing guidelines G. Gordon Liddy, who was convicted of burglary in the Watergate scandal, said Felt should have gone to the grand jury rather than leaking information. whistleblowers, like Clinton scandal whistleblower Linda Tripp CIA employee Valerie Plame to columnist Robert Novak (a Felt critic). Convicted Nixon Chief Counsel Charles Colson said Felt had violated "his oath to keep this nation's secrets," hush money to silence your hired burglars." 2004 to buy his share of the copyright. Toledano agreed to sell, but was never paid and attempted to rescind the deal, threatening legal action. A few days before the Vanity Fair article was released, he received a check.

I had been gloriously and illegally deceived, and Deep Throat was, in characteristic style, back in business--which given his history of betrayal, was par for the course. Publishers were immediately interested in signing Felt to a book deal after the revelation and subsequent confirmation. Less than a month after the Vanity Fair article broke PublicAffairs Books, whose CEO was a Washington Post reporter and editor during the Watergate era, announced that it had inked a deal with Felt. The new book was to include writings from his 1979 memoir and previously unpublished material to be released in the spring of 2006. Felt sold the movie rights to Universal Pictures for development by Playtone, a production company owned by actor Tom Hanks. There was some speculation that Hanks would take on the role of Felt himself. Press reports stated that together the deals were worth almost US $1 million, most of the money coming from the movie option. ^  W. Mark Felt, The FBI Pyramid: From the Inside (New York: Putnam, 1979) p. 11; & Ronald Kessler, The F.B.I.: Inside the World's Most Powerful Law Enforcement Agency (New York: Pocket Books, 1994), p. 163.
  • ^  Felt, FBI Pyramid, p. 11.
  • ^  Ibid, p. 18.
  • ^  Felt, FBI Pyramid, p. 18; & Anthony Theoharris, Tony G. Poveda, Susan Rosenfeld, and Richard Powers eds., The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), pp. 324–325.
  • ^  Theoharris et al., FBI: Reference Guide, pp. 324–325.
  • ^  Felt, FBI Pyramid, p. 19.
  • ^  Ibid., p. 25.
  • ^  Ibid., p. 29ff.
  • ^  Ibid., p. 45.
  • ^  Ibid.
  • ^  Ibid.
  • ^  John O'Connor, "'I'm the Guy They Called Deep Throat'", Vanity Fair PDF
  • ^  Felt, FBI Pyramid, p. 59.
  • ^  Ibid., p. 67.
  • ^  Theoharris et al., FBI: Reference Guide, p. 315, p. 470; & Curt Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1991), p. 624.
  • ^  Felt, FBI Pyramid, page number not given
  • ^  Kessler, F.B.I.: Inside the Agency, p. 163.
  • ^  Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets, p. 24.
  • ^  Ibid., p. 43.
  • ^  Ibid., p. 49.
  • ^  Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets, p. 50; & United States Congress, House of Representatives, "Inquiry Into the Destruction of Former FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover's Files and FBI Recordkeeping: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations".
  • ^  United States Congress, House of Representatives, "Inquiry Into the Destruction of Former FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover's Files and FBI Recordkeeping: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations".
  • ^  Felt, FBI Pyramid, p. 216.
  • ^  Ibid., p. 225.
  • ^  Ibid., p. 186.
  • ^  Ibid., p. 245.
  • ^  Kessler, F.B.I.: Inside the Agency, p. 269.
  • ^  Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, All the President's Men, 2nd ed. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 71.
  • ^  Ibid., p. 131.
  • ^  Bob Woodward, "How Mark Felt Became 'Deep Throat'", The Washington Post; also in "Voice from the shadows", The Sydney Morning Herald, p. 34.
  • ^  Bernstein and Woodward, All the President's Men, p71.; also in "Voice from the shadows", The Sydney Morning Herald, p. 35.
  • ^  Adrian Havill, Deep Truth: The Lives of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein (New York: Carol Publishing, 1993), pp. 78–82.
  • ^  "Voice from the shadows", The Sydney Morning Herald, p. 35.
  • ^  Stanley Kutler, Abuse of Power: The New Nixon Tapes (New York: Touchstone, 1998), p. 67.
  • ^  Felt, FBI Pyramid, p. 227.
  • ^  Ibid., p. 225.
  • ^  Ibid.
  • ^  Felt, FBI Pyramid, p. 226.
  • ^  Ibid., p. 278.
  • ^  Felt, FBI Pyramid, p. 293; Kessler, F.B.I.: Inside the Agency, p. 181; & Kutler, Abuse of Power, p. 347.
  • ^  Kutler, Abuse of Power, p. 347.
  • ^  Ibid., p. 454.
  • ^  Felt, FBI Pyramid, p. 300.
  • ^  Ibid., p. 293.
  • ^  John Crewdson (August 30, 1976), "Ex-F.B.I. Aide Sees 'Scapegoat' Role", The New York Times, p. 21.
  • ^  Kessler, F.B.I.: Inside the Agency, p. 194.
  • ^  Felt, FBI Pyramid, p. 333.
  • ^  Ibid., p. 337.
  • ^  Robert Pear: "Conspiracy Trial for 2 Ex-F.B.I. Officials Accused in Break-ins", The New York Times, September 19, 1980; & "Long Delayed Trial Over F.B.I. Break-ins to Start in Capital Tomorrow", The New York Times, September 14, 1980, p. 30.
  • ^  Robert Pear, "Testimony by Nixon Heard in F.B.I. Trial", The New York Times, October 30, 1980.
  • ^  Ibid.
  • ^  Kessler, F.B.I.: Inside the Agency, p. 194.
  • ^  Roy Cohn, "Stabbing the F.B.I.", The New York Times, November 15, 1980, p. 20.
  • ^  "The Right Punishment for F.B.I. Crimes." (Editorial), The New York Times, December 18, 1980.
  • ^  Statement on Granting Pardons to W. Mark Felt and Edward S. Miller, Ronald Reagan. April 15, 1981.
  • ^  Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets, p. 595; Robert Sam Anson, Exile: The Unquiet Oblivion of Richard M. Nixon, p. 233; Laurie Johnston and Robert McG. Thomas, "Congratulations and Champagne from Nixon."
  • ^  "Pardoning the F.B.I's Past". (Editorial), The New York Times, April 16, 1980.
  • ^  Robert Pear, "President Pardons 2 Ex-F.B.I. Officials in 1970's Break-ins.", The New York Times; & Lou Cannon and Laura A. Kiernan, "President Pardons 2 Ex-FBI Officials Guilty in Break-Ins", The Washington Post.
  • ^  Joe Pichirallo, "Judge Allows Appeals by Ex-Officials Of FBI Despite Pardons by Reagan", The Washington Post.
  • ^  Felt, FBI Pyramid, p. 349.
  • ^  Ralph de Toledano, "Deep Throat's Ghost". The American Conservative. July 4, 2005.
  • ^  Henry Steck, "Review of The FBI Pyramid", Library Journal.
  • ^  Felt, FBI Pyramid, p. 11.
  • ^  David Wise, "Apologia by No. 2", The New York Times Book Review.
  • ^  Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets, p. 728.
  • ^  Kessler, F.B.I.: Inside the Agency, p. 179.
  • ^  Carol Benfell, "A Family Secret: Joan Felt Explains Why Family Members Urged Her Father, Watergate's 'Deep Throat' to Reveal His Identity", The Press Democrat (Santa Rosa, California).
  • ^  Jack Limpert, "Deeper Into Deep Throat", Washingtonian.
  • ^  James Mann, "Deep Throat: An Institutional Analysis", The Atlantic Monthly.
  • ^  Frank Rizzo, "Nixon one role will remain nameless", The Hartford Courant.
  • ^  David Daley, "Deep Throat: 2 boys talking politics at summer camp may have revealed a Watergate secret", The Hartford Courant.
  • ^  Leonard Garment, In Search of Deep Throat: The Greatest Political Mystery of Our Time, pp. 146–47.
  • ^  Ibid., pp. 170–71.
  • ^  Vicki Haddock, "The Bay Area's 'Deep Throat' candidate", San Francisco Chronicle.
  • ^  John O'Connor, "'I'm the Guy They Called Deep Throat'", Vanity Fair PDF
  • ^  "The Adi Da Tithing Guide", website.
  • ^  Lynne Duke. "Deep Throat's Daughter, The Kindred Free Spirit" The Washington Post. June 12, 2005. A1.
  • ^  fill in!
  • ^  Martin Schram. "Nixon's henchmen lecture us on ethics". Newsday. June 6, 2005. A32.
  • ^  James Lakely. "Tripp, Felt treatment a contrast". The Washington Times. June 2, 2005. [[84]
  • ^  Tom Raum. "Turncoat or U.S. hero? Deep Throat casts divide". Journal - Gazette (Ft. Wayne, Indiana). June 2, 2005. 1A.
  • ^  "Deep Thoughts" (editorial). Los Angeles Times. June 2, 2005. B10.
  • ^  Ralph de Toledano, "Deep Throat's Ghost". The American Conservative. July 4, 2005.
  • ^ . Bob Thompson. "Deep Throat Family Cuts Publishing, Film Pacts; Tom Hanks to Develop Movie About Secret Watergate Source." The Washington Post. June 16, 2005. C1.

    • References

    External links

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    Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about:
    W. Mark Felt

    See also: W. Mark Felt, 11 May, 1913, 1931, 1935, 1938, 1940